A brief introduction to artificial intelligence and machine learning.

 A brief introduction to artificial intelligence and machine learning:

• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device.
• The term was coined by John Mccarthy in 1956.
• AI is the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models.
• AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics, computer science, philosophy, psychology, biology, cognitive science, and many others.
• The MIT professor defines AI as follows:

ALGORITHMS ENABLED BY CONSTANTS EXPOSED BY REPRESENTATION THAT SUPPORT THE MAKING OF MODELS TO FACILITATE UNDERSTANDING OF THINKING, PERCEPTIONS, AND ACTIONS.

• In 1931, Goedel laid the foundation of Theoretical Computer Science1920-30s: He published the first universal formal language and showed that math itself is either flawed or allows for unprovable but true statements.
• In 1936, Turing reformulated Goedel’s result and the church’s extension thereof.
• In 1956, John McCarthy coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" as the topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the subject.
• In 1957, The General Problem Solver (GPS) was demonstrated by Newell, Shaw & Simon  In 1958, John McCarthy (MIT) invented the Lisp language.
• In 1959, Arthur Samuel (IBM) wrote the first game-playing program, for checkers, to achieve sufficient skill to challenge a world champion.
• In 1963, Ivan Sutherland's MIT dissertation on Sketchpad introduced the idea of interactive graphics into computing.
• In 1966, Ross Quillian (Ph.D. dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology; now CMU) demonstrated semantic nets.
• In 1967, the Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford) demonstrated the interpretation of mass spectra on organic chemical compounds. First successful knowledge-based program for scientific reasoning.
• In 1967, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse at SRI  In 1968, Marvin Minsky & Seymour Papert publish Perceptrons, demonstrating the limits of simple neural nets.
• In 1972, Prolog developed by Alain Colmerauer.
• In the Mid ’80s, Neural Networks become widely used with the Backpropagation algorithm (first described by Werbos in 1974).
• 1990, Major advances in all areas of AI, with significant demonstrations in machine learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning, multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural language understanding and translation, vision, virtual reality, games, and other topics.
• In 1997, Deep Blue beats the World Chess Champion Kasparov  In 2002,iRobot, founded by researchers at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, introduced Roomba, a vacuum cleaning robot. By 2006, two million had been sold.